Analysis Of How To Tame A Wild Tongue By Taloria Anzaldúa

Have you ever been degraded by others and try not to let it tear you down? Within the short text â€Å"How to Tame a Wild Tongue,† this idea is explored in numerous ways as the various groups of Hispanics and women attempt to gain more rights within their community and society as a whole. They come to the realization that the ways in which they are treated is in an unjust manner, making them feel insignificant and powerless. Therefore, in Gloria Anzaldà ºa’s â€Å"How to Tame a Wild Tongue,† she confronts how many Hispanic minorities, especially women, are marginalized within society by presenting many of the difficult obstacles these groups face, and how they attempt to overcome them. Throughout this short story, women are expected to abide by†¦show more content†¦Adding on to that, when women talk it’s considered a sin, so they would have to confess to the priest, which actually happened with Anzaldua. Therefore, male domination is prevalent within Gloria’s community as women are given less chances to feel equal, and this struggle is similar for Hispanic minorities as well. Chicanos and other Spanish speakers are treated like they have little value to both their own community and other similar Spanish-speaking groups. First, they use their language differences against each other as a way to get out their frustration by the dominant English-speaking people who make them feel inferior when they are already less represented. The Chicanos want to ‘out-Chicano’ each other in order to feel important within a society that tears them down. However, there is no such thing as being a true Chicano as long as a person has Mexican descent, and they usually speak Chicano Spanish as a first language. Furthermore, Chicanos discover at a young age that their language is wrong due to the accusations others make about the differences they have within their dialect. In order for them to feel more appreciated within the United States as a whole, they borrowed Anglicisms from English to make it a combination of their backgrounds and to give in to the pressure of adapting to the English language. For example, instead of using alfombra for carpet, they

The Salk Institute For Biological Studies - 1040 Words

The Salk Institute for Biological Studies is an independent, scientific research institute located near La Jolla, California. Designed by architect Louis Kahn, the institute began construction in 1962 and finished in 1965. Kahn is regarded as one of America’s most influential modernist architects , as well as one of the master builders of the Twentieth Century. The significance of the Salk Institute is that it promoted the reintroduction of historical architecture into modernism, as well as displaying Kahn’s ability to create monumental architecture that responded to human scale. From Brutalism to Postmodernism to Minimalism, Kahn’s many directions and superficial fashions can be traced to roots in his original oeuvre. The timelessness of the design and deep personal involvement of Kahn is undoubtedly some of its greatest qualities. Timelessness is exemplified in his Salk Institute design, containing aspects and principles that in a certain sense can be described as universal or eternally valid. In terms of where the structure sits within his portfolio of work, the case can be made that all of Kahn’s later buildings are directly developed from concepts first presented in his design for the Salk Institute. The Institute reformed how we think about buildings and space for those who inhabit it , as well as the honesty and â€Å"truth† in the use of materials and their architectural combination. Dr. Jonas Salk, the developer of the polio vaccine and founder of the Salk InstituteShow MoreRelatedEssay about Louis Kahn and The Salk Institute770 Words   |  4 PagesLouis Kahn and The Salk Institute Standing alone against the endless blue sea, the Salk Institute by Louis I. Kahn is one of a kind. 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Pros and Cons of Death Penalty Free Essays

Death Penalties The death penalty is a controversy discussed by many state governments in the United States, the 8th amendment in the Bill of Rights is a right that protects people from cruel and unusual punishment. This amendment originally created by our founding fathers has been the main reason for this debate; some states look at death as cruel and unusual punishment while others don’t. Though the decision to sentence someone to death is considered harsh by some judges and juries, there have been crimes and occurrences where a judge feels a death penalty is reasonable. We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Death Penalty or any similar topic only for you Order Now I am against the death penalty, with my knowledge of its pros and cons it seems that the pros are over powered by the cons. Criminals who are facing life in prison, crimes of rape, torture, treason, kidnapping, murder, larceny, and perjury. People like these who can never handle themselves in the normal world; constantly being resent back to prison, or permanently in prison from their beginning sentencing. Although these people pay their own consequences and debts by their punishment, we must also help support them; with our taxes we pay for their living. However it may sound that we invest more money paying for their stay in prison rather than their death. In reality, the process of a death penalty is more expensive and complex than life without parole. This is so because we must pay for their incarceration, automatic appeals, and federal habeas corpus appeals. This process ends up costing us millions more, millions more that can be used to create programs for teenagers to avoid ending up in the same position. People also believe that the death penalty could decrease criminal acts because it could frighten people from committing something extreme, which is also incorrect. In my perspective the death penalty does not reach the minds of most criminals because a criminal rarely believes he/she could be caught. They hold a belief that they are intelligent enough to outsmart authorities. There is other whom holds such anger towards certain crimes that they believe death is a rightful punishment, but death does not â€Å"undo† a crime they have committed. I think it would be better for a criminal to think and reminisce their conscious. Their death would only put peace in their state of mind and except them from the punishments that prison holds for them. Families harmed by these criminals are sometimes frightened by the thought that they’re persecutor could escape and harm them again, however someone sentenced to life in parole in the united states has never escaped or been released. There is also a possibility that an innocent person could be convicted of a crime they did not commit, even with all our new technology and DNA testing there is always a chance of making a mistake. Though there are also pros to the death penalty, my opinion is that it should not be allowed. I say this because it is more costly than life in prison being the process is more complex and long. It does not secure the deficiency of crime acts because of criminal’s confidence that they will not be revealed. Persecuted families are just as secure due to our highly restricted and watched prisons. There is also always a possibility we convict the wrong person, these reason lead me to be against the death penalty. How to cite Pros and Cons of Death Penalty, Essay examples

Buddha Vs Aristotle Essay Paper Example For Students

Buddha Vs Aristotle Essay Paper Born in the year of 384 B.C. Aristotle was seen as conventional for histime, for he regarded slavery as a natural course of nature and believed thatcertain people were born to be slaves due to the fact that their soul lacked therational part that should rule in a human being; However in certaincircumstances it is evident that Aristotle did not believe that all men who wereslaves were meant to be slaves. In his book Politics, Aristotle begins with the Theory of The Household,and it is here that the majority of his views upon slavery are found. With thebeginning of Chapter IV, Aristotles idea of slavery is clearly defined. Theinstruments of the household form its stock of property : they are animate andinanimate : the slave is an animate instrument, intended (like all theinstruments of the household) for action, and not for productions. Thisdistinction between action and production, is based upon the understanding thatproduction is a course in which a result is desired beyond the immediate actof doing. Where as, the simple act of completing a task is identified asaction. Aristotle, who believed that life was action and not productiontheorized that slaves were instruments of life and were therefore needed to forma complete household. In fact Aristotle went as far as to say that a slave wascomparable to a tame animal, with their only divergence in the fact that a slavecould apprehend re ason. For he concluded that a slave and animals only use wasto supply their owners with bodily help. At the end of the Theories of the Household, Aristotle explains howslaves are different from andy other types of people, in the sence that they arethe only class who are born into their occupation and become property of theirmasters. In examining this relationship we find that he thought that whilemasters were the masters of the slaves, they still held a life other than thatof being master; However, Aristotle believed that not only was the slave aslave to his master, but the slave had no other life or purpose than belonging. From this consideration we begin to understand Aristotles views on therelationship between Master and Slave. At the beginning of Chapter V of the Theory of the Household, thedistinct role of master and slave is defined. There is a principle of rule and subordin-action in nature at large : it appearsespecially in the realm of animate creation. By virtue of that principle, the soul rulesthe body; and by virtue of it the master, who possesses the rational faculty of the soul,rules the slave, who possesses only bodilypowers and the faculty of understanding thedirections given by anothers reason. It was Aristotles views on the human soul that gave grounds to hisarguments for slavery. It was his beliefs that the soul was divided into twoparts, being the rational faculty and the capacity for obeying. Aristotlepostulated that a freeman was innately born with the rational faculty while Aslave is entirely without the faculty of deliberation. And with his views hefelt as though it was necessary for there to be a natural ruling order, whereas,the body was ruled by the soul, and those with the natural rational facultywithin their soul should rule others without. This relationship, Aristotlefound to be an essential element in his idea of master and slave being two partsforming one common entity. It was his belief that a mans body was the representation of his innerself and that it was natures intentions to distinguish between those who wereborn to be freemen and those born to be slaves. However, we see that Aristotlehave somewhat reservations upon his beliefs that all slaves corresponded to hismold. With such quotes as But with nature , though she intends, does notalways succeed in achieving a clear distinction between men born to be mastersand men born to be slaves. we begin to see that Aristotle was not asconservative as believed. In fact, we start to understand the left-wingattitudes that Aristotle held. At the end of Chapter V of the Theories of theHousehold, Aristotle concludes The contrary of natures intentions, however,often happens: there are some slaves who have the bodies of freemen-as thereare others who have a freemans soul.Aristotle in his Theories of the Household, allocates a full section(section 9 chapter VI), to the explanation of the relationship

From Angus to Erlenmeyer Media Coverage of Lab Manufactured Meat

Abstract/Summary The following paper analyzes the coverage of lab manufactured meat in eleven different articles from a selection of online and traditional media as well as academic journals.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on From Angus to Erlenmeyer: Media Coverage of Lab Manufactured Meat specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The articles range in date from 2005 through to 2011 and cover various elements of the issues surrounding lab manufactured or in vitro meat, including the ethical concerns, the economic ramifications, the scientific viability of lab manufactured meat and the perceived environmental benefits of this technology. The report found that the portrayal of lab manufactured meat in the media spent the balance of coverage on the so-called ‘yuck’ factor, namely, that lab manufactured meat does not come from a real animal, but from a laboratory; this coverage skewed the reader unfavourably towa rd the environmental and ethical benefits of lab manufactured meat. Introduction/Background The purpose of this research is threefold: one, the research seeks to ascertain how lab manufactured meat is portrayed in the media, specifically in regard to its environmental benefits, and how these perceived benefits measure up against the palatability of in vitro meat to the current meat eating consumer. Two, the research seeks to uncover the facts about lab manufactured meat – what is it, how is it made and what are the pros and cons associated with this burgeoning food industry. Thirdly, this report aims to identify the viability of lab manufactured meat as a replacement for mass meat or factory farming, with an eye to cost effectiveness, ethical elements, the impact to labour worldwide and effective management of the finite resources associated with the mass meat farming techniques, particularly water, grazing areas and reduction of green house gas production. The technology ass ociated with lab manufactured meat has been around since the 1980s. Essentially lab manufactured meat takes ‘stem cells from a biopsy of a live animal, or a piece of flesh from a slaughtered animal, and [places] them in a three-dimensional growth medium – a sort of scaffolding made of proteins. Bathed in a nutritional mix of glucose, amino acids and minerals, the stem cells multiply and differentiate into muscle cells, which eventually form muscle fibres. Those fibres are then harvested for a minced-meat product’ (Raizel, 2005, p.76).Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lab manufactured meat is created within a piece of equipment called a ‘bioreactor, a fancy name for something as small as a Petri dish or as large as an industrial 10,000 litre vessel. Producing the tissue takes between four and five weeks, whether or not you are making one kilogram o r one tonne’ (Lee, 2010, p.6). The science around lab manufactured meat is still in its infancy; lab manufactured is expensive to produce and currently a means to mass produce lab manufactured meat does not exist. ‘One kilogram (2.2 pounds) of in vitro meat costs thousands of dollars to grow, with much of that money spent on the broth’s ingredients. [Scientists] †¦predict that the expenses will come down in about 10 years and that in vitro meat could sell for as little as $1 per kilogram’ (Jozefowicz, 2007, p. 7). Lab manufactured meat offers a real alternative to factory farming, and herein lies the issue at the heart of the research. According to Specter (2009) ‘part of the motivation for growing meat in laboratories is animal welfare: billions of cows, chickens and pigs would no longer spend their lives force-fed grain and antibiotics or cooped up in factory farms’ (Specter, 2009, n.p.). The mass meat farming industry generates billion s of dollars per year and employs millions of individuals all over the globe. According to Steinfeld et al (2006) ‘the livestock sector†¦accounts for 40 per cent of agricultural gross domestic product†¦it employs 1.3 billion people and creates livelihoods for one billion of the world’s poor. Livestock products [also] provide one third of humanity’s protein intake’ (Steinfeld et al, 2006, p. 22). Globally, the mass meat or factory farming industries utilize vast amounts of natural resources. According to Steinfeld et al (2006), the aggregate area of land allotted to grazing is ‘equivalent to 26 per cent of the ice free terrestrial surface of the planet. In addition, the total area dedicated to feed crop production amounts to 33 per cent of total arable land. In all, livestock production accounts for 70 per cent of all agricultural land’ (Steinfeld et al, 2006, p. 23). As the human population increases, the vast usage of resources will only continue to climb, causing more environmental damage in its wake. Steinfeld et al (2006) state that ‘70 per cent of previous forested land in the Amazon is occupied by pastures and feed crops [cover] a large part of the remainder’ (Steinfeld et al, 2006, p. 23). All of this points to the fact that meat consumption has become problematic. According to Specter (2011) ‘the global livestock industry is responsible for nearly twenty per cent of humanity’s greenhouse-gas emissions.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on From Angus to Erlenmeyer: Media Coverage of Lab Manufactured Meat specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cattle consume nearly ten per cent of the world’s freshwater resources, and eighty per cent of all farmland is devoted to the production of meat. The consequences of eating meat, and our increasing reliance on factory farms, are almost as disturbing for human healthâ€℠¢ (Specter, 2011, p. 32). As an organization, the mass meat farming lobby gives voice to the millions of people who depend on this way of farming for their livelihoods – the farmers themselves, the grocery stores that sell the meat to the consumer, the people that manufacture the farming equipment – the list goes on (Miller, 2008, p.8). Taken in global context the mass meat farming industry affects billions the world over; the mass meat farming industry is a ‘structure based on collective and communal relationships†¦complex team structures†¦that eschew hierarchy in favour of flat organizational forms and structures that cross boundaries of time and space’ (Miller, 2008, p.10). In this sense, the mass meat farming lobby can be thought of a more complex organization; the traditional way of mass meat farming that the meat industry supports has a social and political presence that lab manufactured meat would have a significant destabilizing effect up on. While it is true that lab manufactured meat can be produced ‘by placing a few cells in a nutrient mixture that helps them proliferate†¦which could, in theory, be sold, cooked, and consumed like any processed meat,’ there are many other cultural, social and economic factors that this technology touches upon (Specter, 2011, p. 32). Lab manufactured meat offers an opportunity for many of the more harmful elements of meats such as saturated fat to be chemically altered so that they are reduced or do not exist at all, which offers real benefit to the millions of people worldwide who suffer from obesity, heart disease and high blood pressure. International patents have been issued for the development of this technology, and stakeholders from Europe and the U.S., ‘propelled by an unlikely combination of stem-cell biologists, tissue engineers, animal-rights activists, and environmentalists, [have] emerged in support of scientific teams working at universities all over the globe’ (Specter, 2011, p. 32). Lab manufactured meat triggers powerful discussions that reach far beyond the confines of the food industry, and affect ‘what most people see as the boundaries of nature and the basic definitions of life’ (Specter, 2011, p. 32). The goal of lab manufactured meat, according to biologist Mark Post, is ‘to create the volume previously provided by a million animals’ (Specter, 2011, p. 32).Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Scientific goals aside, the moral and ethical debate growing around the implementation of lab manufactured meat may ‘ultimately prove†¦intractable’ (Specter, 2011, p. 32). Lab manufactured meat therefore is an issue with far reaching tentacles; the mass meat industry is truly a global organization. A change in the current factory farming practices would reverberate around the world and would affect labour and economic markets around the world (Miller, 2008, p.260) Literature Review Postdoctoral research fellow Jennifer Jacquet of the University of British Columbia states that ‘eating less meat would relieve a bit of pressure on our sullied atmosphere by lightening the methane load†¦by roughly 10 kilowatt hours per day—more than double what you’d save by changing lights to fluorescents’ (Jacquet 2009, n.p.). However, environmental benefits aside, Jacquet (2009) finds that in vitro meat misses the point that eating meat itself is not o nly bad for the planet but bad for the human species. In Jacquet’s (2009) words, ‘in-vitro meat does nothing to address the deeper, systemic issues of food production—we should be getting more intimate with our food by growing gardens, eating locally, and getting healthy. The Frankenmeat solution is one-dimensional. It addresses a symptom, but not the problem: We eat too much meat’ (Jacquet 2009, n.p.). A number of articles in the review see lab manufactured meat as a way to end the cruelty associated with current modes of factory farming which are inherently harmful and destructive to animals, and encourage a view of animals that is exploitative, inhumane and dismissive of their sentient status. According to NPR.org (2011), ‘there is something inherently creepy about†¦growing meat in labs†¦but there is something more inherently creepy about the way we deal with the animals that we eat†¦. They live a horrible life, and they often die q uite cruelly. So the idea of being able to eliminate some of that is extremely exciting for a lot of people’ (NPR.org, 2011, n.p.). Similarly, Lee (2010) points out that ‘in vitro meat would†¦be free from hormones and antibiotics as well as contaminates such as salmonella and campylobacter. Its fat content could be tightly controlled and, because you could have a bioreactor anywhere in the world, meat production could become more dispersed’ (Lee, 2010, p.7). Several of the articles observed in this report go beyond the scientific and socio economic ramifications lab manufactured meat to draw attention to the wide spread cultural changes that this technology would exact if and when it is implemented fully. Of particular concern for several publications is the whole scale change that lab manufactured meat would render between the fate of the farm, the farmer and the domestic animal. According to the New York Times (2008), ‘there is every reason to change the way meat is produced, to make it more ethical, more humane. But the result of the technology that PETA hopes to reward could be the end of domesticated farm animals. This has often seemed as if it were the logical conclusion of some radical animal-rights activists: better for animals not to exist at all if there is a chance that they would suffer’ (New York Times, 2008, p. 20). Aside from this rather extreme editorial stance, the New York Times (2008) goes on to advocate ‘a more measured approach. Ensure the least possible cruelty to animals†¦raise them in ways that are both ethical and environmentally sound. But also treasure the cultural and historical bond between humans and domesticated animals. Historically speaking, they exist only because of the uses we have found for them, and preserving their existence means†¦preserving the uses we have made for them. It will be a barren world if the herds and flocks disappear in favour of meat grown in a laborat ory tank’ (New York Times, 2008, p. 20). Similarly, other articles broach the topic of the revolutionary changes that lab manufactured meat would engender in the food industry as whole. Culturally, the meat industry represents an ancient organization that holds ancient ‘attitudes, beliefs, behaviours†¦and cultural consciousness’ about the nature of civilization itself (Miller, 2008, p. 261). According to Lee (2010): ‘In vitro meat bears no resemblance to food production as we know it – it doesn’t involve a farmer, land, or even a real animal. At the same time, when considered next to the factory farms exposed in films like Food Inc. or Pig Business – it is cruelty-free, low carbon and potentially environmentally-friendly. What we would stand to lose with cultured meat is the whole idea of provenance the local, well-reared, skilfully butchered cut of meat. And with it, the kinds of small, family farms and communities that support it ’ (Lee, 2010, p. 7). There are of course economic and labour ramifications for workers who rely on the traditional forms of farming: these include small to medium sized farms that rear meat, workers the world over involved in managing and herding grazing herds and the meat industry itself. According to Lee (2010), the lab manufactured meat lobby group is not popular with the farmers, and the ‘supporters of small farms are sceptical. Soil Association spokesperson Clio Turton says, we haven’t seen any evidence that [lab manufactured meat] this is safe for human consumption. There may be unforeseen consequences of growing meat this way. Growing meat in a Petri dish is odd. We can’t imagine it would replace meat production in the UK’ (Lee, 2010, p. 7). Researchers appear divided not only on the viability of this technology, but also on its overall purpose. According to Jacquet (2009), ‘laboratory-made meat†¦might relieve the guilt of the scie ntifically minded and environmentally aware, but beyond that, its advantages are as-yet unclear: because let’s face it, a centralized, high-tech model of food production is not likely to solve wholesale hunger issues, nor is it likely to appeal to the â€Å"down home cookin’† contingent. In-vitro meat won’t cure obesity. And it won’t change people’s nutritional needs’ (Jacquet 2009, n.p.). Research Questions Once the eleven articles had been chosen and assembled, the research questions were organized as follows: How do the online, traditional and academic media portray lab manufactured or in vitro meat? How do the online, traditional and academic media portray science? How do the online, traditional and academic media portray the meat industry? What are the implications of these media’s portrayal of lab manufactured meat on public perception of this burgeoning food technology? What are the possible cultural and socioeconomic r amifications of lab manufactured meat? Methods When conducting the research around in vitro meat, the researcher gave each article two close readings. The first reading sought to discover and detail the psychological and emotional impact that the articles had upon the researcher, and by extension, the media consumer, using the research questions as a guide. In order to achieve this, the researcher had to act from an uninformed place, having no prior knowledge of the topic. The researcher also needed to relate to the subject matter emotionally and psychologically open and neutral, with no stake in the information being purveyed by the articles and lacking an agenda to confront the subject matter, i.e. not as a scientist, animal rights activist or meat farmer. The second close reading undertaken by the researcher looked at the cultural and social biases implicit in the articles themselves. The articles on the whole share a point of view toward the science around in vitro meat or lab manufactured meat, and this point of view heavily favours the continuation of â€Å"natural† – i.e.: farmed livestock – which speaks to a larger cultural bias that will be covered later on in the paper (Miller, 2008, p.81). It is unclear from the readings whether or not the authors of the articles are aware of this bias, however the articles on the whole create contentiousness between science and consumers on the basis of taste – how lab manufactured meat will taste specifically, when compared to â€Å"real† meat. The media largely portray the scientific community as being unconcerned about how the lab manufactured meat will taste and focused instead on its environmental benefits. An example of this occurs in Fox (2009): ‘enthusiasts are persuaded by [lab manufactured meat’s] ‘green’ credentials. My main concern is environmental, says Stig Omholt of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences in As. If meat consumption doubl es by 2050, many forests will go and the calculations are very grim’ (Fox, 2009, p. 873). In the second close reading the researcher also looked at the impetus behind in vitro meat, specifically, why does this technology warrant coverage? Why are scientists pursuing this line of research? The answer lies in a host of problems facing the human species which centre largely on population control and the realization that the current food production paradigm remains unsustainable; there is simply not enough land and water to support it. The large network of people and livelihoods involved in the current food production paradigm, i.e. food grown in international destinations and shipped globally, will need to find ways to adapt to this reality. Findings The observations gleaned from the close reading given these eleven sources can be grouped into four headings: headlines, tone, treatment of science and article layout. Each of these findings generated a specific psychological impact upon the researcher which encouraged a feeling of revulsion toward lab manufactured or in vitro meat, regardless of the numerous benefits that this technology would bring to the environment, not to mention the ethical treatment of animals that this technology would support. Headlines Seven out of the eleven articles reviewed for this report contained a headline which evoked a negative response to the science as well as the concept of lab manufactured meat itself. The placement of these headlines, at the article’s outset, effectively swayed the researcher’s point of view toward the negative and effectively coloured the experience of reading the article. Examples of this phenomenon from each article are as follows: ‘Test tube meat on the menu’ (Fox, 2009, p. 873); ‘Test-Tube Meat: Coming Soon to a Plate Near You’ (Huffington Post, 2011, n.p.); ‘Pass the In Vitro Loaf’(Institute of Industrial Engineers, 2005, p. 66); ‘Mystery Meat’ (Jozefowicz, 2007, p. 6); ‘Burgers from a Lab’ (NPR.org, 2011, n.p.); ‘Test Tube Burgers’ (Specter, 2011, p. 32), and ‘Would you Eat Lab Engineered Meat?’ (Zimmer, 2011, n.p.). Seven out of the eleven articles researched began with a negative connotation that sustained itself throughout the article. Tone Of the eleven articles profiled in this report, each contained an acerbic tone in its coverage of the both the concept of lab manufactured meat and the science behind it, and actively promoted dividedness between the scientific community and consumers. Fox (2009) states that ‘the mere mention of lab-grown meat – an assortment of projects to produce beef, pork or chicken proteins in industrial-scale cell cultures – evokes enthusiasm at one end of the spectrum and caustic criticism at the other. I wonder if you can get people to eat that stuff, says Michael Hansen of Consumers Union in Yonkers, New York. There are safety questions, technical problems and a very huge yuck factor to deal with, he says’ (Fox, 2009, p. 873). In an article with the headline Test-Tube Meat: Coming Soon To A Plate Near You, the lead states ‘it sounds improbable – and more than a little creepy – to eat meat produced in a lab’ (Huffington Post, 2011, n.p.). Similarly, in an article published by the Institute of Industrial Engineers (2009), lab manufactured meat ‘experiments with fish tissue have created small amounts of in vitro meat in NASA experiments researching potential food products for long-term space travel, where storage is a problem. To grow meat on a large scale, cells from several different kinds of tissue, including muscle and fat, would be needed to give meat the texture to appeal to the human palate, say scientists’ (Institute of Industrial Engineers, 2009, p. 66). Treatment of Science Within the literature surveyed, the science behind lab manufactured mea t often receives a slightly biased approach, specifically in linking scientists with so called special interest groups such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (Nylander, 2011, n.p.). Since special interest groups by definition are invested in the outcome of the research, these media create a certain lack of objectivity in the science surrounding lab manufactured meat by association. Also, a certain quack science feel infiltrated some of the articles through their depiction of scientists. An example of this exists in Nylander (2011), who profiled biologist Vladimir Mironov: ‘About 10 years ago, Mironov’s research dream to grow â€Å"cultured meat† became reality when he was awarded a grant from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for cardiovascular tissue engineering. He landed the grant with the help of Dr. Helen Lane, a top NASA food expert that Mironov invited to a workshop he hosted. But the research is no longer funded by NASA , and Mironov said he was told that NASA was moving towards researching transgenic plants as a source of protein. Now Mironov, along with Genovese, are funded by a three-year grant from the animal rights activists People of Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)’ (Nylander, 2011, n.p.). The fact that the biologist’s work was dropped by NASA effectively erodes some of the credibility from Mironov’s work; whether or not this is conscious on the part of the author remains unclear, however the effect distanced the researcher from the content, and would likely have the same effect on the reader. Furthermore, in a latter part of the article utilizes the heading â€Å"Yuck factor† and goes on to delineate (Nylander, 2011, n.p.): ‘A tissue engineer by trade, [Mironov] has taken embryonic muscle cells called myoblasts, which turn into muscle, from turkey, bathed them in a bovine serum and then grown animal muscle tissue. We are working on very small scale using NASA synthecon bioreactor and porous edible chitosan spheres seeded with myoblasts from edible animals. The cultured meat choice confronting tomorrow’s shoppers will be similar to today’s options in the meat department’ (Nylander, 2011, n.p.). Although the information shared in this section is useful and vital to an understanding of lab manufactured meat, the section heading – yuck factor – potentially undercuts the value of the information to the reader. Similarly, when the article uses other opinions to react to Mironov’s work, they are written in a forceful style that sticks with the reader, through the effective use of quotes. For example, Nylander (2011) quotes a certain Mr. Sam Bowen, a bar manager in Columbia, South Carolina, as saying that ‘one of the biggest things that people enjoy as a comfort thing is food†¦and until people grow up with the idea of artificial meat, it’s going to be hard to convince people other wise’ (Nylander, 2011, n.p.). Mironov does not receive a similarly effective or forceful quote within the article; instead, he is largely paraphrased, appearing in a direct quote in the following example, ‘[Mironov] says cultured meat will be functional, natural, designed food, arguing that modified food is already common practice, and not harmful’ (Nylander, 2011, n.p.). The weakness of the quotes used to introduce the biologist to the reader in effect further undercuts the viability of his research. According to Nylander (2011), the biologist Mironov is part of ‘a team of researchers who have been invited to a European Science Foundation workshop on in-vitro meat in Gothenburg, Sweden in August to discuss the obstacles they all share. Funding is one of the biggest hurdles. The National Institute of Food and Agriculture, among other organizations like NASA, won’t fund the research’ (Nylander, 2011, n.p.). Again, the proximity of Mironovâ€⠄¢s work being refused by funding bodies renders the message of his work diminished. Article Layout A number of the articles researched chose a specific location within the text to imbed the negative portrayal of lab manufactured or in vitro meat – the end of the text. This so called â€Å"last word† placement of the negative portrayal of lab manufactured meat successfully lingered in the mind of the researcher, as it was the last word, and by definition the strongest and most readily recalled element of the articles. For example, in the article published by the Institute of Industrial Engineers (2009), the last line of the article states that scientists ‘also concede that it might take some work to convince consumers to eat cultured muscle meat,’ effectively nullifying the information shared in the earlier parts of the article (Institute of Industrial Engineers, 2009, p. 66). Only one of the eleven articles reviewed ended with a relatively positive view o f the technology and the scientists who champion it: ‘We are ready but venture capitalists and federal agencies are not†¦but the time will come’ (Nylander, 2011, n.p.) Discussion and Conclusion In vitro or lab manufactured meat technology does not offer a viable alternative to factory farmed meat at present; estimates as to how long it will before in vitro meat is available in conventional grocery stores hover at around twenty years. That said, the technology does effectively highlight the unsustainable nature of the current food production model, particularly in the domain of meat. Much of the literature touts the advantage of lab manufactured meat to parts of the world where shortages in arable land and water would render traditional modes of meat farming impossible. For example in countries in Asia such as India and Singapore where the consumption of meat is on the rise, scientists have remarked that there is ‘significant interest’ in the technology behind lab manufactured meat (Lee, 2010, p. 7). However, many of these countries depend on the current factory farming model, especially the grazing of herds, and the loss of that revenue would render these countries less able to invest in the technology required to produce in vitro meat. Other articles draw attention to the fact that should the production of lab manufactured meat supplant so-called natural meat, the fate of domestic animals remains to be seen. Domestic animals that were not raised for meat consumption would presumable still be used for other purposes; however, the care and feeding of these large numbers of animals left superfluous by in vitro meat would require a comprehensive and qualitatively new farming strategy. Overall more than 50 per cent of the literature reviewed raised scepticism as to the viability of lab manufactured meat, and offered a less than flattering assessment of the science behind it, choosing to emphasize the cost involved in lab manufactured while often not equally balancing the cost of the factory farm within the article. Also, overwhelming emphasis placed on the perceived reluctance of the consumer to eat in vitro or lab manufactured meat pervaded most of the articles researched. The fact is, factory farming exacts huge costs on the environment, including air quality, land usage, water, deforestation and pollution. It also exacts costs on the animals that are slaughtered, as well as the people who ingest harmful fats, growth hormone, pesticides, veterinary drugs, and heavy metals when they eat the animals. Above all, the factory faming model cannot be sustain the human species; all this points to the needs for a radical shift in food production. Though essentially a new form of food technology, lab manufactured meat represents a complex cultural issue with global ramifications. According to Miller (2008), ‘globalization leads to disembedded organizations and people. In a global society, behaviour and interactio n are often lifted from their local context and restructured across time and space†¦cultural consciousness and self reflexivity is a requirement for organizational and individual well being’ (Miller, 2008, p. 261). The more lab manufactured meat enters into the mainstream of cultural consciousness, the greater the rate of change felt across traditional lines of farming, civilization, the relationship between humans and animals and the fate of domestic animals will be experienced. Effective environmental stewardship dictates that the unsustainable nature of the current mass meat industry method of factory farming must evolve if the planet’s resources are to be preserved for future generations. Whether or not in vitro or lab manufactured meat will provide a viable alternative for meat eaters remains to be determined. References Fox, J. L. (2009) Test tube meat on the menu? Nature Biotechnology, 27(10), 873. Huffington Post (2011, May 26), ‘Test-Tube Meat: Comi ng Soon To A Plate Near You? HuffPost Food. Available from:  https://www.huffpost.com/entry/test-tube-meat_n_864217 . Institute of Industrial Engineers (2005). Pass the in vitro loaf, Industrial Engineer 37 (9), 66. Jacquet, J. (2009, August 31) Even if meat isn’t murder, that doesn’t mean it’s good for you. Available from web. Jozefowicz, C. (2007), Mystery Meat. Current Science, 92 (14), 6-7. Lee, M. (2010), Lab Grown Meat: A Low-Fat, Low-Carbon, Cruelty-Free Future? Ecologist, 40 (11), p. 6-7. Miller, K. (2008), Organizational Communication – Approaches and Processes. 5th edition. Stamford, CT, Cengage Learning. New York Times (2008, April 23), Million-Dollar Meat. New York Times, p. 20, NPR.org (2011, May 18) Burgers from a Lab: The World of In Vitro Meat. Fresh Air [online]. Available from:  https://www.npr.org/2011/05/18/136402034/burgers-from-a-lab-the-world-of-in-vitro-meat . Nylander, J. (2011), Meat-Lovers get Food for Thought in Futuristic Lab. Swedish Wire (Katthammarsvik) [online]. Available from web. Raizel, R. (2005, December 11), In Vitro Meat. New York Times Magazine, 76. Specter, M. (2011, May 23) Test Tube Burgers, The New Yorker, 32. Available from:  https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/05/23/test-tube-burgers . Steinfeld, H. et al (2006), Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1-26. Available from web. This report on From Angus to Erlenmeyer: Media Coverage of Lab Manufactured Meat was written and submitted by user Izaiah H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

nazisme essays

nazisme essays Le nazisme est un bon exemple de rgime totalitaire. De point de vue de sa naissance et de sa monte, le nazisme nous dmontre bien comment un rgime totalitaire peut sinstaurer. La monte du nazisme; cest dire une priode commenà §ant par la fin de la premire guerre mondiale (1918) jusqu lobtention du pouvoir par le Parti Nazi (NSDAP: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei) et la fondation de la 3e Reich (1931) sera prsente afin de pouvoir exprimer les causes de linstauration dun rgime totalitaire en Allemagne. Comment, une pense politique si extrà ªme a pu obtenir le pouvoir, surtout par les moyens lgaux? Quels sont les cls de leur russites; comment le peuple allemand lont tolr et support? Pourquoi Hitler a russi? Nous allons essayer de rpondre ces questions dans les lignes suivantes avec un plan chronologique. I-La Rpublique et La Constitution de Weimar A) La situation de lAllemagne aprs la Premire Guerre Mondiale La Monarchie Allemande navait plus une autorit et une lgitimit dans le pays quand la dfaite en guerre tait prvue. Les forces marines qui ne voulaient pas faire la guerre contre les Anglais ils croyaient que à §a serait une suicide-, les dockers et lorganisation arme, les freikorps staient rvolts. Friedrich Ebert qui contrlait le gouvernement allemand cette poque voulait fonder une monarchie constitutionnelle. Quand les rebelles sont venus devant le palais du gouvernement Berlin, lami dEbert, Schiedman a dclar par accident La Rpublique Allemande. Une coalition forme de quatre partis (...

International Trade and Globalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

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Applying ethics on Amanda Knox's memoir Research Paper

Applying ethics on Amanda Knox's memoir - Research Paper Example So much of the information was left untouched and the investigations were hurriedly handled (Bosman, 2013). The investigation process of the case was harsh and time bound. The criminal backgrounds of Amanda, Guede, Patrick and Raffaele were not traced so that they could be source of the possibility of linking them with the murder charge. As the ethical dispensation of any murder case would have it, the tremor of the link with a murder case would torment the feelings of an innocent person (Bosman, 2013). The implication that the situations could bumper into the person’s mind, and alter the information due to the need to relieve her was never considered. This is one of the instances in the case and the proceedings that justify the case was not fairly and ethically addressed and handled. The investigation of the case In the process of acquiring the data on the purported evidence that linked Amanda and the others to the case of murder, much of the investigative processes and proce dures were left unrevealed. It could be true that Guede was at the scene where the British student was killed. This is because they had planned to meet at the restaurant, and the two had been seen to be in a social affair. However, this could be disputed by noting that being at a murder scene does not officially link one to being a criminal. The police ought to have investigated deeper into the matter, by letting him record a statement about the case and be left to roam. The immediate interdiction of a suspect causes more harm to the person, the reputation earned in years and the tremor causes more psychological arrest within oneself. During the interrogation by the police, she claims that the police made an attempt to convince her to accept the charges, and even beat her at the back of her head (Bosman, 2013). In the investigations, Guede was found to be escaping from the scene, but he got tangible reasons to overturn the perceptive reasoning of the police. Being that he was a blac k man and racism was in the core of every system in Italy, his conscience could not let him stay at the scene of such a prime crime. Philosophically, there are reasons that expose the urgency in the action one does in a criminal case. In a sober mind, none could wait and be lynched by the guilt of being a murder. Moving away from the scene was in a way appropriate for the sense of safety as well as having a direct view of the suspect trying to hide from the authorities. These two factors may determine the Guede’s action to run away. As well, this factor too was not taken into consideration by the investigative officers (Brygel, 2011). During the case hearing, the Judges were found to have refuted part of the evidences provided by the lawyers of the suspects. From the Court of Appeal directions to the judges, it is clear that in the previous court sessions; a lot of evidences were left and were not revealed to the court for they might have changed the profile of the case. Aman da being an American and Guede an Ivorian, it was apparent that the court and the entire prosecution process were predetermined to make the case be of a certain objective. The differences in the ethnicity of the people in a criminal case should not be used to implicate and determine the fate of the suspects and the prosecutors. The justice systems in every country should be based on rational dispensation of the truth behind the

Inventory Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Inventory Management - Research Paper Example The project will only review the relevant literature on inventory management. The review will cover the elements of inventory management then go through four main sections of intelligent inventory management. The first three parts will cover the principal domains of inventory management: inventory modeling, expert systems, and the decision support systems. The fourth part is the intelligent decision support system discussion, which advances the two previous parts. Inventory is the stock of goods kept on hand by an entity for future and current use of meeting the customers demand. The inventory is of importance to an entity in both the financial and operational perspective. First, inventory contributes the main investment for any firm. Inventory constitutes approximately 30 to 55 percent of current assets in manufacturing companies while constituting approximately 70 to 85 percent of current assets to wholesaler and retailer companies. On the other perspective, from the operational po int of view, inventories put operating flexibility to company. Keeping of adequate inventory by manufacturing processes will facilitate smooth production process. Holding of inventory by wholesaler and retailers facilitates good customer service which in return gives the companies good public image. The main aim of inventory management is to balance between having low inventory and the high return on investments. Inventory has a variety of functions, which should be summarized to facilitate a good inventory management. First, the main aim of holding inventory is to meet customers demand for the product. This is because it is impossible to have delivery of products or production of goods exactly the same time when the consumers need them. It is therefore wise to keep a reasonable level of inventory to meet this expected or anticipated consumer demand. Secondly, it is wise to keep adding inventory inform of buffer or safety stocks since the demand is usually not known with certainty.

Society of the Spectacle and War Photography

Society of the Spectacle and War Photography Discuss contemporary war photography in relation to Debords work on the Society of the Spectacle. Society of the Spectacle written by Guy Debord and published in 1967 at the height of the Vietnam war argues that the world has been overtaken by the notion of spectacle. Debord describes what the spectacle comprises of (in several numbered paragraphs); he says that, â€Å"In societies dominated by modern conditions of production, life is presented as an immense accumulation of spectacles. Everything that was directly lived has receded into a representation.† (#1) Debord is stating that life in the modern age has become fixated on reality as representation (i.e. by the media) real life experiences have been substituted for experiences that are digitally lived. Debord goes on to say that â€Å"the spectacle presents itself simultaneously as society, itself as part of society, and as means of unification. As part of society, it is the focal point of all vision and all consciousness. But due to the very fact that this sector is separate, it is in reality the domain of delusion a nd false consciousness: the unification it achieves is nothing but an official language of universal separation†¦the spectacle is not a collection of images; it is a social relation between people mediated by images.† (#3-4) With the rise of new media and the explosion of 24-hour news and reality television, it would seem that the existence of the spectacle becomes self-evident. Mass amounts of human beings are directed to gaze at what has become a global common culture, news and entertainment. For Debord, the spectacle is a tool of pacification and depoliticization; it is a â€Å"permanent Opium war designed to force people to equate goods with commodities and to equate satisfaction with a survival that expands according to its own laws†¦Ã¢â‚¬  the spectacle distracts from the most urgent task of real life. (#44) Debord argues, our sense of reality is nothing more than an immense accumulation of spectacles. All that was once lived becomes mere representation . Debords theory of the sectacle is similar to that of Baudrillards theories which concentrate on the ideas of a hyperreality. He considered a photograph to be a replacement for the real object. The lines of reality and non-reality have become so blurred in our society that a photograph can replace the real. Like Debord Baudrillards believed we live in a mediated reality, which prefers the symbol of reality rather than the thing itself. We are constantly bombarded with images form mass media that our own lives are own reality becomes entwined with the images we see. The boundary that should exist between reality and fantasy is erased. A consequence of the age we live in. Images depicting the gruesome nature of war are constantly available on television and in newspapers and magazines; every page turned reveals a new atrocity. We have been flooded with these images for so long that they no longer have an affect on us, instead on inspiring empathy and sympathy we are more passive to them a feeling of indifference. In the mass media if there is a story about celebrities or lifestyle it would surpass gruesome photographs of war. As a society weve almost grown accustomed to these types of images, seeing them everyday. In an essay entitled Photographs of Agony John Berger also argues that society has become immune to images depicting suffering saying that †¦ â€Å"In the last year or so, it has become normal for certain mass circulation newspapers to publish war photographs which earlier would have been suppressed as being too shocking. One might explain this development by arguing that these newspapers have to come to realise that a large section of their readers are now aware of the horrors of war and want to be shown the truth. Alternatively, one might argue that these newspapers believe that their readers have become inured to violent images and so now compete in terms of ever more violent sensationalism.† (ed Wells L, The Phtotgraphy Reader, chapter 27) Berger is questioning the effectiveness of the violent or shocking war photograph arguing that maybe the public have become immune to images of horror and the newspapers are competing to show ever more horrific images in order to gain pubic attention. We look around us and see a world beyond our control. Relying on advanced technologies to conduct war and to replicate it on film and TV has diminished our ability to distinguish between reality and entertainment, turning our experience of war into a mere spectacle. In regarding the Pain of others Susan Sontag Describes societies attraction to violent images†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Everyone knows that what slows down highway traffic going past a horrendous car crash is not only curiosity. It is also for many, the wish to see something gruesome†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ there does seem to be a modern need fro the consumption of images of suffering. And this abundant supply of imagery has dulled our senses and created a new syndrome of communal inaction, we look around us and see a world beyond our control, which is what Debord was describing in society of the spectacle. In her early book On Photography Susan Sontag writes that â€Å" War and photography now seen insperable†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg167) and as war evolves and continues so has the photographers response to the effects of conflict. The Bulky large-format cameras of the 19th century prevented the first war photographers such as roger Fenton from capturing the action of combat instead their photographs concentrated on the aftermath of the battlefields. With the technological advancement of cameras and not needing to haul darkroom equipment with them the first world war photographer could get closer to combat and then during the 2nd world war the introduction of the 35mm camera increased the intimacy of the cameras eye, enabling photographers to become part of the action, in a way the first exponents in the 19 century could never have dreamed. During the Vietnam war photographs could now been seen within days of them being taken, the immediacy making the images relevant and challenging the inevitability of war the viewer was now looking at something which is part of the present, and which carries over to the future. For a century and a half the camera has been witness to events that have shaped and shocked the wor ld, capturing these images forever. We might now live in a world of multi channel television, 24-hour news coverage and instant his on the Internet, but it is the still image that provides the most powerful record of our history, good and bad. The still image seems to hold so much power over us, they last, television is passing and goes by quickly, photography lasts, imprinted on paper and in the mind. War and the effects of warfare have always been explored throughout history in literature, poetry, art, film and photography. Before the first world war the depiction of battles by artists were often of soldiers and generals depicted as heroes, in their uniforms adorned with medals but during the first world war when artists were sent to the front line to record the scene, what they saw there defied their imagination. It soon became clear that the traditional painting couldnt capture the full horror of warfare. The modernist painters began to look at the universal grimness of war, the harsh reality of the world and painted not what they saw but what they felt. For example the artists Paul Nash who served as a solider, portrayed the battlefield in a painting titked Menin Road in 1919, what he depicted was the aftermath of war, a barren scene of an almost alien world the surreal colours a purple blue sky the mutilated bare trees, bursts of smoke rising from the debris strewn ground and blue light filtering through the clouds completely empty apart from four lonely figures in the background. Nash wanted rob warfare of its last shred of glory and its last shine of glamour. Francisco Goyas series of etchings Disasters of War depicts the horrors of the Napoleonic invasion of Spain in 1808 during which French soldiers brutally tortured the Spanish peasants and the Spanish responded with their own acts of cruelty. The works were withdrawn and withheld from publication during Goyas lifetime because of their controversial and disturbing qualities. Susan Sontag writes of Goyas etchings in Regarding the Pain of others, â€Å"†¦Goyas art seems a turning point in the history of moral feelings and of sorrow-as deep, as original, as demanding. With Goya a new standard for responsiveness to suffering enters art Goya was witness to these events during the war, but the etchings depict imagined scenes of the atrocities of violence where the lines between real events and imagined ones blur creating a unique reality that is complimentary yet distinct from the historical realities of war. As the viewer is not lead to believe the images are exact reproduction of act ual events the effect is one of a sincere meditation on the terrifying potential that resides in all humans. The images dont specify who the people are-the soldiers could be French or Spanish, the dead tortured bodies could be those of civilians or soldiers giving the viewer a more open interpretation bringing images to life in a way that relate to personal experience. Goyas images are constantly being revisited looking at Francis Bacon triptych Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion 1944 the twisted screaming distorted creatures depict mans inhumanity to man and capture the fear of the future mood after the second world war and still our mood today, bacon like Goya still has a hold over our imagination, for example the Chapman brothers reconstructed the Disasters of war in 1991 using miniature plastic figurines. Painting and sculpture are clearly viewed as interpretations of the effect and consequences of war, with photography the assumptions is that images are seen as a document they appear real, even when we know photographs can be faked and subject to the photographers view of events. In On Photography Susan Sontag wrote†¦ â€Å"War and photography now seem inseparable.† In On Photography Sontag explains what she saw as the sad state of a society that lived at a more and more voyeuristic distance to the first hand experience of reality. In accordance with this Sontag describes the photographers whose personal concern was apparently with finding out and understanding, were doing no more than satisfying the human thirst for sensation and driving this to extremes by ever more sensational images, until ultimately all feeling was lost. In the book The photograph as contemporary art†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦describes the contemporary war photographer†¦ â€Å"The use of medium-and large-format cameras (as opposed to 35mm format), not normally seen at the sites of war and human disaster-not at least, since the mid-nineteenth century-has become a sign that a new breed of photographer is framing the social world in a measured and contemplative manner†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She goes on to say†The subject matter has been different, too; rather than being caught up in the midst of an event, or at close quarters to individual pain and suffering, photogrphers choose to represent what is left behind in the wake of such tradegies, often doing so with style that propses aqualifying pperspective.† It is clear to †¦Contemporary war photographers have in the main taken anti-reportage stance; slowing down image making, remaining out of the hub of action, and arriving after the decisive moment to allow the viewer a more contemplat ive look at war and the effects of war. Using Photomontage Martha Rosler infiltrates our comfort zones and reveals the dangers involved in an illusionary distance often created by the mass media between war and ourselves. By using images from magazines of advertisements combined with military images of soldiers and weaponry she transforms the notion of the safety of a home into one under assault. Her intent is to project the terror and atrocity of war into the comfortable place in which we live. She employs devices that work against the seduction of advertising and consumer imagery, the process of photomontage allows her to expose the gaps between image and reality, and ultimately make the viewer aware of an out of place presence. She addresses the impact of the mass media who according to Debord make the images of horror seem mundane and remote by pointing out the implicit presence of militarism in our daily lives, by juxtaposing popular lifestyle magazine images with stark images of war. The French Photographer Sophie Ristelhuber Photographs depicts the aftermath of war they are usually un peopled with no survivors and no dead, concentrating on the spaces of war rather than its participants, the scars and burns are found on buildings and landscapes rather then the people. Her photographs of the Kuwaiti desert, entitled Fait were made shortly after the end of the first Gulf War. Many of the photographs from this series were taken from a ariel viewpoint This elevated angle creates a distorted abstract view of trenches, tank tracts, bomb craters, blazing oil wells and battlefield detritus. You have to look carefully and closely at the photographs to discover that the lines and tracts objects engulfed by the sand are the results of war scarring the landscape emphasising how vast and sprawling the effects of war can be. Sophie Ristelhueber describes the effects of scale and perspective in her work: †¦.†The constant shift between the infinitely big and the infinitely small may disorientate the spectator. But its a good illustration of our relationship with the world: We have at our disposal modern techniques for seeing everything, apprehending everything, yet in fact we see nothing.† Ristelhueber recently won the Deutsch Borse Photography prize 2010, which included set of images titled eleven blowups, a series of images of huge craters made by bombs In Beirut and Iraq, again the y describes the devastation war leaves behind both on the earth and the body. Paul Seawright photographs the traces of destruction that war leaves behind in a place The solitary places in Seawrights photographs seem to be concealing something they require the viewer to look beneath the surface of the image the isolated barren areas reveal hollows where mines have been cleared or left unexploded, or the subtle rubble of military debris strewn across the desert landscape. The quiet subtlety and blankness of the desert distances them from the spectacle associated with the medias representation of war, there is an unknown tension in the images Seawright generates a view of the futility of war. One of his photographs is almost identical to that of Fentons photograph of the Crimean war depicting empty cannon balls in a valley illustrating the fact that despite its technological advancements war is fundamentally always the same. In his book Hidden Seawright says that he has†¦ â€Å"always been fascinated by the invisible, the unseen, the subject that doesnt eas ily present itself to the camera.† Landlands And Bell were commissioned in 2002 by the imperial war museum to make an artwork in response to a two-week visit to Afghanistan and what they experienced there. Landlands and bells work characteristically focuses on the interconnected relationships linking people and architecture. They say: ‘were totally surrounded by architecture. It is the most tangible record of the way we live because it describes how we relate to socially, culturally and politically. It is the most persistent of the way we live-our aspirations and beliefs.† The result was among other video based works The House of Bin Laden. Presented as an interactive piece similar to a video game the viewer is in control via a joystick to explore a reconstruction of Osama Bin Ladens barren hilltop bunker. The viewer can virtually travel through a bleak set of derelict houses, surrounded by burnt-out cars and debris. Langlands and Bell took thousands of photographs of the house near Jalalabad, The eerie interactive digital exploration of Osama bin Ladens house offers an unsettling experience, and engages with the viewer in a totally new way regarding war photography. The houses surprisingly small and basic. Piles of blankets and clothes are strewn in the rooms elsewhere a single string bed is isolated in a dark corner. Outside there is a series of strangely constructed bunkers and a small mosque. Being in control of looking at the work almost feels like observing a crime scene. The buildings and grounds are absent of any human presence thought signs of people who were once there are constant, although the elusive bin Laden is nowhere to be seen, his presence can still be felt in this mesmerizing and ancient environment. It brings us disturbingly close to him, even as it emphasizes his continuing ability to evade capture. The House of Bin Laden becomes a metaphor for the elusive presence Bin Laden maintains by the very fact of his disappearance. By presenting this piece as an interactive game like simulation Langlands and Bell are actively engaging in the idea of the spectacle by using what is essentially and entertainment based media and allowing the viewer to control their viewer using a joystick, it could be argued that by combing entertainment and unreality with real life situations speaks more to a generation obsessed with mass media. They do not attempt to make the 3d environments look realistic like the photographs they took instead it looks constructed exactly as a computer game would look, angular and flat. I personally experienced this work when I saw the Turner Prize in 2004, and it is clear that their intention was for this piece to be viewed and experienced like a computer game. Violent warfare is sold as entertainment in the form of computer games whose manufactures claim to make them as realistic as possible. Thus reflecting modern societies engagement with entertainment as opposed to real life issues. There seems to be a move in contemporary war photography to a more contemplative and abstract approach, maybe this is as Debord describes because we are use to the violence and horrors the ‘spectacle of war presented in the media, and have become almost immune and unmoved by these images. we can never experience the true horrors of war unless from first hand experience but photographers seem now to be taking the stance of the modernist painters of the first world war who painted what they felt rather than what they saw. Contemporary photographers are interpreting these events rather than documenting them, in a way that enables the viewer a more contemplative approach to the contemporary war photograph.

Interview with Lenin :: Russian History

Interview with Lenin Question: What were the historic events that led up to revolution, and why did you become involved in revolution? Lenin’s answer: To answer this question we have to go way back in 1812, when Napoleon came to Russia. Russian people stood up and fought against the invader by burning the villages and supplies, thus helping Czar Alexander I. After such sacrifice, people were not rewarded for their devotion to the Czar. In December of 1825 in St. Petersburg, Russia, a group of military officials staged a revolt against Tsar Nicholas I. These rebels were liberals who felt threatened by the new ruler’s conservative views. They were, however, defeated by the tsar’s forces. As a result of this revolt, Nicholas I implemented a variety of new regulations to prevent the spread of the liberal movement in Russia. My Brother - Alexander, and me, we organized the Union for the Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class. We have traveled around Europe and we saw that all Europe was changing in the direction of Democracy. Russian Social Democratic Party in Switzerland came to conclusion that Autocracy and Czars are getting old. New and radical changes were needed. Czar, Alexander III, hanged my older brother,Alexander, for an alleged plot against him. I swore on his grave that I would avenge his death. Revolutions of 1905 and World War I also played a significant role on the â€Å"My† revolution in November. Q: What is the main target you want to achieve by revolting? A: I want to make better place for regular working class people. I want to give them everything that they have wanted for so many years. I also want to end the war. The government is blind and can’t see that people don’t understand why they are fighting and losing their fathers, brothers and sons. Q: What kind of government will you set up after the revolution? A: I want to set up socialism/communism. Central to the meaning of socialism is common ownership. This means the resources of the world being owned in common by the entire global population. I want to build the society where individual don’t own anything. People own everything. Q: What is the difference between Red Army and White Army (both of them rob peasants)? A: What we are facing here is a small economic precipice.

Middle Age Religion

During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church was the sole church in Europe, where it has its own laws and its own treasury. The church was considered as an important law-making body, recognized not only by the people, but also by its leaders. The heads of the Catholic Church played big roles in the government, as they used their influence to get their way on things. Bishops were rich people at that time, and has come from a line of noble families. They have a tight hold on the people, especially since they are the ones who are â€Å"closer† to God.The lives of the people living in the Middle Ages were greatly dominated by the church. The church’s influence is limitless, from peasants, to noble lords and even the Kings – they all succumb to the will of the Church. Many of the medieval people dedicated their lives in the service of the Catholic Church and the religion they are in. They offer a life of service to the people of the Church, in hope that their actions w ould be acknowledged by God, the creator. This had been the usual threat being issued by the people of the church in order to get what they wanted from the people (Carr).During the early years of the Christian religion, its growth was being suppressed by the Roman Empire. This is because the Christians have refused to worship the Roman gods or acknowledge the power of the Roman Emperor. Christians have been persecuted all throughout the empire. These persecutions ended during the reign of Emperor Constantine, who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire. Constantine the Great then proclaimed himself as the emperor of the Christian people, thus spreading the religion throughout the Empire (Middle-Ages.org.uk).The beginning of the 5th century saw the crumble of the Roman Empire. This is caused by invading Germanic tribes conquering the city of Rome. This has led to the period referred to as the Dark Ages. The fall of Rome however, signals the rise of the Christian C hurch. The Dark Ages became a stepping stone for the Catholic Religion to flourish. From the Dark Ages up to the Early Middle Ages, the only accepted Christian religion was the Catholic religion. Catholic means universal, or as a whole. Any sect that was established was viewed to be as acts of heresy and the people are heretical (Middle-Ages.org.uk).The power of the Catholic Church in the middle ages was so great, that it owned lands, imposed its own taxes, and created its own laws. It is a very powerful institution that even Kings succumbed to its influence. The Church also accepted gifts and special offerings made by those who wanted to make sure that they have a place in heaven. The influence of the church extended to various lands. They were alongside the kings and rulers of Europe when it comes to power. Those who oppose the Church will instantly receive excommunication – they would go straight to hell when they die (Oakley).One of the major events in the Catholic Religi on in the middle ages occurred in the latter part of the middle ages. This is when the Eastern and Western Christian Churches split because of issues which arise from the crusades. This is called as the Great Schism, separating the two halves of Christian Churches. Another split occurred in the Western Christendom when two Popes have been elected and established at two different places. This is caused by disagreement in the elections. This continued to a few decades, up until the issue was healed at the Council of Constance, and the Catholic Religion finally became known as the Roman Catholic Religion.Works Cited:Carr, Karen. â€Å"Medieval Religion†.   1998. November 4 2007. .Middle-Ages.org.uk. â€Å"Middle Ages Religion†.   2002. November 4 2007. .Oakley, Thomas P. â€Å"Religion and the Middle Ages†.   2007. November 5 2007. .

buy custom Challenges International Students Face essay

buy custom Challenges International Students Face essay Studying abroad is a common practice for many students all around the world. It gives the opportunity to exchange experiences and expand the academic circle of acquaintances. Moreover, after getting a good education, students can significantly contribute to their alma maters, preserving vital knowledge obtained abroad (zturgut and Murphy 375). The stream of potential students, who cross the borders, is a part of the inevitable process of world globalization. For many of them, life in a foreign country can be a primary challenge, due to a difficult financial situation. Their families may not have enough resources to meet the costs of studying abroad. International students care about a quality of education, campus life issues, as well as about safety and security. According to federal laws, most of them have no privilege of applying for financial aid (Bista and Foster 3). However, the biggest challenges, which international students face, are usually related to language, cultural, and academic contexts. Educational and General Social Standards Challenges for International Student in Something Inside is Saying No Students, who study abroad, could be considered as the most capable ones in their motherlands. Thus, when they are confronted with language and academic problems, and no longer keep positions among the best students, it can make them fall in a depressive state and provoke the inner desire to resist changes. The social environmental challenges that are faced by the international postgraduate students could be categorized into the following groups: cultural difficulties, language difficulties and communication problems (Talebloo and Bin Baki 141). Academic complexities can be defined as a separate group, which considers the features of the academic system, teaching methodology and faculty supervisor (Talebloo and Bin Baki 142). This type of challenge concerns, first of all, postgraduate students because it is particularly difficult for them to adapt to an unfmiliar system, given their experience in the framework of native traditions and concepts. Helen Fox has closely communicated with one of such students. In the part of her book Listening to the World: Cultural Issues in Academic Writing, which is named Something inside is Saying No (65), the author talked about her friend from Nepal, who experienced severe disappointment at the fact that his style of writing was not assessed by professors. Surya attended Helenas classes during some period of time and was her fellow student in other ones; thus, she was deeply interested to know the reasons of Suryas attitude towards the criticism of professors. Surya was a well-mannered, polite, but proud and self-sufficient man. He told Helen that in Nepal, she could read his articles in newspapers and even a book (Fox 65). He considered himself an experienced and accomplished writer. Helena was surprised because she never heard about him as the well-known author. Years ago, Surya was presented to her by professors as the potential student with some writing problems. It clearly showed the differences in educational levels and general social standards between Nepal and the United States. However, Surya was convinced that his writing style did not require any substantial improvements. His attitude can be explained by the fact that he had no opportunity to receive a full secondary education. Nevertheless, Surya had a Masters degree in economics. Obviously, it was the object of his pride. He grew up under the influence of his elder brother and parents, who took care of his development, instilled love towards traditions, and encouraged his read ing religious tracts. The student positioned himself as a person, who achieved a lot in life without the help of others, except his parents and elder brother. Surya explained Fox: I can write, Helen. It may not seem so here, but I am a writer, (Fox 68). Therefore, comments of professors caused lots of embarrassment to him. Academic Writing and Culltural Challenge in Something inside is Saying No Surya faced not only academic and social inconsistencies, but cultural as well. Helen highlighted that Surya has never spoke about anyone or anything negatively. However, he was deeply disappointed and saddened when he was advised to improve his writing style. In fact, Surya understood it as if he has to make it more American. It became an additional reason for annoyance. From the Suryas point of view, a way of criticism was the fundamental cultural difference between Nepal and America. Surya explained Helene that, from the viewpoint of Nepalese readers, any story or article cannot be written directly and harshly. The writer must describe the background of an event, should explore the historical aspects and only then, and very delicately, proceed to the main idea. In the Suryas culture, there was no place for direct criticism, which was abusive for those to whom it was addressed. In his home country, he was considered as a good writer, as he followed the Nepal traditions of writing. In America, he faced criticism and misunderstanding. Professors wanted him to present more direct statements in articles. It went counter to personal beliefs of Surya. Fox acknowledged that Western professors did not differentiate cultural inconsistencies and problems in the writing style. Their criticism showed that both aspects were complementary, according to their perception. Fox explained: Nobody wanted to suggest openly that it might be a deficit in intellectual preparation, a thinking problem, (70). Thus, it was difficult to understand for her or other American scholars that improving style meant for Surya breaking something important inside him. The education was not aimed at disclosing his unique potential, accompanied by distinctive style and developing his personal skills. It promoted the distinct academic standards, which challenged Suryas ideology, and forced him to overcome painful inner transformations. Buy custom Challenges International Students Face essay

Aron Copland essays

Aron Copland essays Aaron Copland wrote a ballet about one of the most famous western gangsters in history: Billy the Kid. The work was written in 1938 and remained popular for over a decade. Unfortunately, his works are no longer heard or performed often enough today. In my opinion, Copland is one of the greatest American performers in music history, but he is not given the recognition he deserves by todays society. By looking at Coplands works and analyzing his Billy the Kid, the necessary proof of his greatness will, without question, show the fact that he is one of the greatest American composers of all time. Aaron Copland, whose family name was changed from Kapland by immigration officials in New York, was born on November 14, 1900 and died December 2, 1990. His parents were of Lithuanian Jewish descent. His parents emigrated from Russia to the United States. His father owned a department store and they did not live lavishly. As he explained, I was born on November 14, 1900 on a street in Brooklyn that can only be described as drab. It had none of the garish color of the ghetto, none of the charm of an old New England thoroughfare, or even a pioneer street....i He began to take piano lessons at the age of fourteen under the tutelage of his sister Laurine. Soon he wanted more professional lessons. Despite the fact that his four elder siblings had taken lessons with no success, he convinced his parents to pay for lessons. I distinctly remember with what fear and trembling I knocked on the door of Mr. Leopold Wolfsohns piano studio on Clinton Avenue in Brooklyn, and-once again all by myself-arranged for piano lessons.i The idea of composing music was not connected...with my family or with my street.iii By the age of 18 he had graduated high school and decided to devote all his time and energy to music. Under the direction of Rubin Goldmark he studied t...

Business Project High School Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Project High School - Assignment Example 3. Target Market - the target market for the business is the small business owners especially in the Bondi junction area of Australia. The reason behind this is the number of office goers and the numbers of foreigners who actually know more about the organic food and also who are more interested in organic food consumption are relatively high. Also, if the small business owners are targeted, it will be easy to handle them and also the amount of risk is relatively less. 4. Consumer Analysis - The organic food industry in Australia booming. According to a recent study, currently the cost of the organic food market in Australia is $200-$250 million per year. This figure is restricted to the domestic market alone. Apart from this the amount of organic food exports is $50-$80 million per year. There is approximately 20-30% of consumer demand in the market for organic foods. The annual growth of the organic food market in Australia is estimated to be 60%. 5. Reaching the customers - In order to reach the customers either e-mail marketing can be considered or even point-of-sales advertising also can be considered. Both the methods are equally advantageous. Flyers also can be distributed. These have got the flexibility in color, shape and dimensions. Also the sales promotion activities can be linked up with the point-of-sales advertisings. ... 4. Consumer Analysis - The organic food industry in Australia booming. According to a recent study, currently the cost of the organic food market in Australia is $200-$250 million per year. This figure is restricted to the domestic market alone. Apart from this the amount of organic food exports is $50-$80 million per year. There is approximately 20-30% of consumer demand in the market for organic foods. The annual growth of the organic food market in Australia is estimated to be 60%. 5. Reaching the customers - In order to reach the customers either e-mail marketing can be considered or even point-of-sales advertising also can be considered. Both the methods are equally advantageous. Flyers also can be distributed. These have got the flexibility in color, shape and dimensions. Also the sales promotion activities can be linked up with the point-of-sales advertisings. This way there would be value addition. 6. The competition - The major source of competition would be the already existing players in the market. Apart from them non-organic producers who carry out mass production also can be a threat to the business. Carrying out an industry analysis would help in identifying the number of players in the market and their respective market share. Price differences between the competitor and our product over a particular period needs to be observed and analyzed. Depending on the analysis and alongside keeping the profit margin in mind the prices of the products can be revised. Also the transportation costs, production costs etc need to be analyzed. The cost of shipping the products to other places between the competitors can be identified and analyzed. Foods that have high potential and consumer demand need to

Hilton Worldwide Inc Hilton Hotels and Resorts Essay

Hilton Worldwide Inc Hilton Hotels and Resorts - Essay Example Hilton Hotels & Resorts operates 558 hotels and resorts in 80 countries, including the USA, the UK, the UAE, and Singapore (Hilton Worldwide, Inc. 2013; Hiltonworldwide.com, 2014). Below is provided more detailed analysis of the marketing mix concept implemented by Hilton Hotels & Resorts. The company operates in the service industry and its main business activity is concentrated on providing accommodation services. Thus, the key product of the company is hotel rooms in hotels and resorts worldwide. As it is mentioned on the corporate website of the Hilton Hotels & Resort, guestrooms feature a smart, functional design supplemented with â€Å"thoughtful amenities† (www3.hilton.com, 2014, n.p.). In addition to accommodation services, there are additional services which make up the overall cycle of the guest service. Some of these supporting services include the following: restaurants and bars, spa, leisure and wellness facilities, entertainment faciliti3es, banquet halls and business/conference halls, online reservation facilities, concierge services, etc. (Company profile and SWOT analysis 2014). Hilton Hotels and Resorts have premium-level prices, as the prices for accommodation are above the market prices (prices vary greatly by geographical locations). Hilton Hotels & Resorts pricing strategy can be defined as prestige or premium pricing strategy because the company offers 5 and 4-star service in its hotels. That is why the prices in Hilton’s facilities are the high end of the possible pricing range (Marketingmentor.net, n.d.). By charging premium level prices the company focuses on status-conscious consumers who value high-quality service, comfort, luxury, and high status and therefore, who are ready to pay for it. Hilton Hotels & Resorts are located worldwide in more than 80 countries. The locations are chosen based on the type of resort and the specific location. Even though Hilton Hotels and Resorts is a global company operating its hotels worldwide, the concept of marketing mix implementation may vary and is subject to the variety of external factors such as competition, cultural and social factors, etc. Thus, locations in India, the USA, the UAE, and Singapore may target the same audience but the ways of attracting and communicating with the target audience may vary slightly. These differences also refer to the pricing strategy, promotion strategy, and product strategy. For example, rooms in the USA resorts may vary greatly from the rooms in the UAE by its design. However, taking into consideration that this is a global company and that its customers travel worldwide, there are some unified standards which are appropriate for people of any nationality.   

Benefits in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Benefits in Business - Essay Example As the research stresses there are a number of ways of measuring the public sector information (PSI) and approximating the probable benefits of accessing it. The following formula represents the relationship between the benefit and the cost.From this paper it is clear that after preparing a data sheet for the price transaction received at Land Registry for Lincolnshire, the average for the price   was 175102, the count was 1244 and the sum was 217827032. The data for the month of June 2015 was evenly distributed with the highest data being value of cost being 877,500 pounds while the lowest value being 29,000 pounds. The measure of the spread of data shows that the cost of data distribution varies depending on the quantity of data being distributed on the internet. According to Lincolnshire records, the quantity of data distributed in the month of June 2015 amounts to 11 MB.  The method used in getting the highest five and the lowest five prices is by arranging the data in an asc ending order from the highest value to the lowest value. This makes it easy to identify the first five values and the last five values. These are the values that were used in constructing the table below. Once rearranged in a chronological manner, the post codes will automatically be rearranged in the excel sheet. The South Kesteven town was the only town to have the highest values whiles other towns such as West Lindsey, Lincoln, West Lindsey and East Lindsey experienced lower values.